What is pg_cron?

pg_cron is a simple cron-based job scheduler for PostgreSQL (10 or higher) that runs inside the database as an extension.

Contents

• How pg_cron works
• Cron syntax
• Managing and creating jobs
  • Creating a cron job
  • Creating a cron job in a different database
  • Removing a cron job
  • Altering a cron job
• Installing pg_cron
• Setting up pg_cron
• Monitoring jobs
• Example use cases
• Managed services
• Code of Conduct

How pg_cron works

The extension creates a background worker that tracks jobs in the cron.job table.

CREATE TABLE cron.job (
	jobid bigint primary key default pg_catalog.nextval('cron.jobid_seq'),
	schedule text not null,
	command text not null,
	nodename text not null default 'localhost',
	nodeport int not null default pg_catalog.inet_server_port(),
	database text not null default pg_catalog.current_database(),
	username text not null default current_user
);

Based on your configurations, to execute a job, the extension establishes a Postgres connection or spawns a database worker.

pg_cron can run multiple jobs in parallel, but only one instance of each specific job at a time. If a second instance is triggered before the first finishes, it’s queued and starts as soon as the first one completes.

Cron syntax

The code in pg_cron that handles parsing and scheduling comes directly from the cron source code by Paul Vixie, hence the same options are supported.

 ┌───────────── min (0 - 59)
 │ ┌────────────── hour (0 - 23)
 │ │ ┌─────────────── day of month (1 - 31) or last day of the month ($)
 │ │ │ ┌──────────────── month (1 - 12)
 │ │ │ │ ┌───────────────── day of week (0 - 6) (0 to 6 are Sunday to
 │ │ │ │ │                  Saturday, or use names; 7 is also Sunday)
 │ │ │ │ │
 │ │ │ │ │
 * * * * *

An easy way to create a cron schedule is: crontab.guru.

pg_cron also allows you:

• to use $ to indicate last day of the month.
• to use [1-59] seconds to schedule a job based on an interval. Note, you cannot use seconds with the other time units.

Example cron schedules:

'10 seconds'  # every 10 seconds
* * * * *     # every minute
*/5 * * * *   # every 5 minutes
0 * * * *     # every hour
0 0 * * *     # daily at 12AM
0 0 * * 1-5   # 12AM every weekday
0 1 * * 0     # 1AM every Sunday
0 13 2 6 *    # 1PM on the 2nd of June

Managing and creating jobs

Cron jobs can be managed by directly interacting with the cron.job table if you have the required permissions. However, it is recommended to use the cron functions:

• cron.schedule
• cron.schedule_in_database
• cron.unschedule
• cron.alter_job

Note, an RLS policy ensures that jobs can only be seen and modified by the user that created them, unless the user is a superuser or has the bypassrls attribute.

Creating a cron job

cron.schedule signatures

-- create job, return jobid
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION cron.schedule(schedule text, command text)
RETURNS bigint;

-- create named job, return jobid
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION cron.schedule(job_name text, schedule text, command text)
RETURNS bigint

Examples

Create a cron job

-- Delete old data on Saturday at 3:30am (GMT)
SELECT cron.schedule(
       '30 3 * * 6', 
       $$DELETE FROM events WHERE event_time < now() - interval '1 week'$$
);
-- returns cron id

Create a named cron job

-- Vacuum every day at 10:00am (GMT)
SELECT cron.schedule(
       'nightly-vacuum', 
       '0 10 * * *', 
       'VACUUM'
);
-- returns cron id

Create a job that runs every 30 seconds

-- run SELECT 1 every 30 seconds
SELECT cron.schedule(
       'run_every_30_seconds', 
       '30 seconds', 
       'SELECT 1'
);
-- returns cron id

Create a job that calls a stored procedure every 5 seconds

-- Call a stored procedure every 5 seconds
SELECT cron.schedule(
       'process-updates',
       '5 seconds',
       'CALL process_updates()'
);
-- returns cron id

Create a job that processes payroll at 12:00 of the last day of each month

-- Process payroll at 12:00 of the last day of each month
SELECT cron.schedule(
       'process-payroll',
       '0 12 $ * *',
       'CALL process_payroll()'
);
-- returns cron id

Creating a cron job in a different database

cron.schedule_in_database signature

-- create job, return jobid
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION cron.schedule_in_database(
       job_name text, 
       schedule text, 
       command text, 
       database text, 
       username text DEFAULT NULL::text, 
       active boolean DEFAULT true
)
RETURNS bigint

Example

Create a cron job in a different database

-- Delete old data on Saturday at 3:30am (GMT)
SELECT cron.schedule_in_database(
       'delete_old_data', 
       '30 3 * * 6', 
       $$DELETE FROM events WHERE event_time < now() - interval '1 week'$$,
       'some_other_database'
);
-- returns cron id

Removing a cron job

cron.unschedule signatures

-- remove job by name, return true if job was removed
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION cron.unschedule(job_name text)
RETURNS boolean

-- remove job by id, return true if job was removed
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION cron.unschedule(job_id bigint)
RETURNS boolean

Examples

Remove a named cron job

-- delete job by name
SELECT cron.unschedule('nightly-vacuum');
-- returns true if job was removed

Remove a cron job by id

-- delete job by id
SELECT cron.unschedule(42);
-- returns true if job was removed

Altering a cron job

cron.alter_job signature

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION cron.alter_job(
       job_id bigint, 
       schedule text DEFAULT NULL::text, 
       command text DEFAULT NULL::text, 
       database text DEFAULT NULL::text, 
       username text DEFAULT NULL::text, 
       active boolean DEFAULT NULL::boolean
)
RETURNS void

Examples

Change a job's schedule

-- change job's schedule
SELECT cron.alter_job(42, '0 10 * * *');
-- returns void

Change a job's, schedule, command, and username

-- change job's command
SELECT cron.alter_job(
       42,
       '0 10 * * *',
       'VACUUM',
       username := 'some_other_user'
);
-- returns void

Deactivate a job

-- deactivate job
SELECT cron.alter_job(42, active := false);
-- returns void

Installing pg_cron

Install on Red Hat, CentOS, Fedora, Amazon Linux with PostgreSQL 16 using PGDG:

# Install the pg_cron extension
sudo yum install -y pg_cron_16

Install on Debian, Ubuntu with PostgreSQL 16 using apt.postgresql.org:

# Install the pg_cron extension
sudo apt-get -y install postgresql-16-cron

You can also install pg_cron by building it from source:

git clone https://github.com/citusdata/pg_cron.git
cd pg_cron
# Ensure pg_config is in your path, e.g.
export PATH=/usr/pgsql-16/bin:$PATH
make && sudo PATH=$PATH make install

Setting up pg_cron

To start the pg_cron background worker, you need to add pg_cron to shared_preload_libraries in postgresql.conf. Note that pg_cron does not run any jobs as a long a server is in hot standby mode, but it automatically starts when the server is promoted.

# add to postgresql.conf

# required to load pg_cron background worker on start-up
shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_cron'

By default, the pg_cron background worker expects its metadata tables to be created in the "postgres" database. However, you can configure this by setting the cron.database_name configuration parameter in postgresql.conf.

# add to postgresql.conf

# optionally, specify the database in which the pg_cron background worker should run (defaults to postgres)
cron.database_name = 'postgres'

pg_cron may only be installed to one database in a cluster. If you need to run jobs in multiple databases, use cron.schedule_in_database().

Previously pg_cron could only use GMT time, but now you can adapt your time by setting cron.timezone in postgresql.conf.

# add to postgresql.conf

# optionally, specify the timezone in which the pg_cron background worker should run (defaults to GMT). E.g:
cron.timezone = 'PRC'

After restarting PostgreSQL, you can create the pg_cron functions and metadata tables using CREATE EXTENSION pg_cron.

-- run as superuser:
CREATE EXTENSION pg_cron;

-- optionally, grant usage to regular users:
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA cron TO marco;

Ensuring pg_cron can start jobs

Important: By default, pg_cron uses libpq to open a new connection to the local database, which needs to be allowed by pg_hba.conf. It may be necessary to enable trust authentication for connections coming from localhost in for the user running the cron job, or you can add the password to a .pgpass file, which libpq will use when opening a connection.

You can also use a unix domain socket directory as the hostname and enable trust authentication for local connections in pg_hba.conf, which is normally safe:

# Connect via a unix domain socket:
cron.host = '/tmp'

# Can also be an empty string to look for the default directory:
cron.host = ''

Alternatively, pg_cron can be configured to use background workers. In that case, the number of concurrent jobs is limited by the max_worker_processes setting, so you may need to raise that.

# Schedule jobs via background workers instead of localhost connections
cron.use_background_workers = on
# Increase the number of available background workers from the default of 8
max_worker_processes = 20

For security, jobs are executed in the database in which the cron.schedule function is called with the same permissions as the current user. In addition, users are only able to see their own jobs in the cron.job table.

-- View active jobs
select * from cron.job;

Extension settings

The pg_cron extension supports the following configuration parameters:

Changing settings

To view setting configurations, run:

SELECT * FROM pg_settings WHERE name LIKE 'cron.%';

Setting can be changed in the postgresql.conf file or with the below command:

ALTER SYSTEM SET cron.<parameter> TO '<value>';

cron.log_min_messages and cron.launch_active_jobs have a setting context of sighup. They can be finalized by executing SELECT pg_reload_conf();.

All the other settings have a postmaster context and only take effect after a server restart.

Monitoring jobs

Reviewing the cron.job_run_details table

You can view job activity in the cron.job_run_details table:

select * from cron.job_run_details order by start_time desc limit 5;
┌───────┬───────┬─────────┬──────────┬──────────┬───────────────────┬───────────┬──────────────────┬───────────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────┐
│ jobid │ runid │ job_pid │ database │ username │      command      │  status   │  return_message  │          start_time           │           end_time            │
├───────┼───────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────────────────┼───────────┼──────────────────┼───────────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────┤
│    11 │  4328 │    2610 │ postgres │ marco    │ select pg_sleep(3)│ running   │ NULL             │ 2023-02-07 09:30:00.098164+01 │ NULL                          │
│    10 │  4327 │    2609 │ postgres │ marco    │ select process()  │ succeeded │ SELECT 1         │ 2023-02-07 09:29:00.015168+01 │ 2023-02-07 09:29:00.832308+01 │
│    10 │  4321 │    2603 │ postgres │ marco    │ select process()  │ succeeded │ SELECT 1         │ 2023-02-07 09:28:00.011965+01 │ 2023-02-07 09:28:01.420901+01 │
│    10 │  4320 │    2602 │ postgres │ marco    │ select process()  │ failed    │ server restarted │ 2023-02-07 09:27:00.011833+01 │ 2023-02-07 09:27:00.72121+01  │
│     9 │  4320 │    2602 │ postgres │ marco    │ select do_stuff() │ failed    │ job canceled     │ 2023-02-07 09:26:00.011833+01 │ 2023-02-07 09:26:00.22121+01  │
└───────┴───────┴─────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────────────────┴───────────┴──────────────────┴───────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────┘
(10 rows)

The records in the table are not cleaned automatically, but every user that can schedule cron jobs also has permission to delete their own cron.job_run_details records.

Especially when you have jobs that run every few seconds, it can be a good idea to clean up regularly, which can easily be done using pg_cron itself:

-- Delete old cron.job_run_details records of the current user every day at noon
SELECT  cron.schedule('delete-job-run-details', '0 12 * * *', $$DELETE FROM cron.job_run_details WHERE end_time < now() - interval '7 days'$$);

If you do not want to use cron.job_run_details at all, then you can add cron.log_run = off to postgresql.conf.

Other cron logging settings

If the cron.log_statement setting is configured, jobs will be logged before execution. The cron.log_min_messages setting controls the minimum level of messages that will be recorded.

Example use cases

Articles showing possible ways of using pg_cron:

• Auto-partitioning using pg_partman
• Computing rollups in an analytical dashboard
• Deleting old data, vacuum
• Feeding cats
• Routinely invoking a function
• Postgres as a cron server

Managed services

The following table keeps track of which of the major managed Postgres services support pg_cron.

Code of Conduct

This project has adopted the Microsoft Open Source Code of Conduct. For more information see the Code of Conduct FAQ or contact opencode@microsoft.com with any additional questions or comments.